The influence of traditional Chinese landscape architecture on the image of small architectural forms in Europe

Maria Żychowska; Yulia  Ivashko; Peng Chang; Andrii Dmytrenko; Nataliia Kulichenko; Xin Mu Zhang

doi:10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.18.06

Authors

Maria Żychowska Cracow University of Technology
Yulia Ivashko Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture
Peng Chang Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture
Andrii Dmytrenko National University “Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic”
Nataliia Kulichenko Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Xin Mu Zhang Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.18.06

Keywords:

Chinoiserie style, European regular park, Chinese garden, basic canons, small architectural forms

Abstract

The article analyzes the influence of traditional Chinese landscape architecture on the shaping of European small architectural forms and the influence of European architecture on contemporary Chinese architectural practice. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the architectural mutual influences of Chinese and European cultures. The method of historical analysis, the method of comparative analysis and the graphoanalytical method are used. The lack of identity between the Chinese and European gardens and the park with the pavilions is proved at the different hierarchical levels. Two groups of European Chinoiserie style pavilions have been identified: which give a false idea of Chinese architectural traditions and which represent a simplified version of those traditions. There is noticed the influence of the traditional Chinese approach to the architectural objects placement in the natural environment on the development of the contextualism concept in Western architecture (since the 1960s) which proclaims its purpose to preserve the natural beauty of the site through careful design that relates to its surroundings. The concept of contextualism is now widely used in the design of small architectural forms in the urban environment and in the design of the architectural environment in general, both in Europe and in China. This is a clear example of mutual enrichment with the ideas of two civilizations, each of which preserves its own culture.

Author Biographies

Maria Żychowska, Cracow University of Technology

Maria Żychowska. Architect and full professor. D.Sc. Ph.D. Ing. Arch., professor, FA CUT, head of the Division
of Freehand Drawing, Painting And Sculpture A-7. Member of scientific associations: ICOMOS, DOCOMOMO,
Ars Vitrae Polona and professional associations such as SARP and the Chamber of Architects of the Republic of Poland. Also member of the WIETE International Academic Advisory Committee (WIETE-IAAC) and a member of the Editorial Board of the Global Journal of Engineering Education (GJEE) WIETE. Since 2019, the editor -inchief of 'Wiadomości Konserwatorskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation'. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, ul. Podchorążych, 1, Kraków, 30-084, Poland. E–mail: pazychow@cyf-kr.edu.pl

Yulia Ivashko, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture

Yulia Ivashko. A historian of architecture and landscape architect. Doctor of Architecture, Professor,
Nostrified doctor habilitatus, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, 31, Povitroflotskyi
Avenue, Kyiv, Ukraine. E–mail: yulia-ivashko@ukr.net

Peng Chang, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture

Peng Chang. Post-graduate student, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, 31, Povitroflotskyi Avenue, Kyiv, Ukraine. E–mail: changpeng2277@gmail.com

Andrii Dmytrenko, National University “Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic”

Andrii Dmytrenko. An urbanist and landscape architect. Candidate of Technical Sciences (Ph.D.), Associate
Professor. National University “Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic”, Educational and Scientific Institute of
Construction, Architecture and Land Management, 24 Pershotravnevyi Avenue, Poltava, Ukraine. E–mail:
metr5555@ukr.net

Nataliia Kulichenko, Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Nataliia Kulichenko. An urbanist and landscape architect. Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 24a Chernyshevskoho Street, Dnipro, 49600, Ukraine. E–mail: n.kulichenko@ukr.net

Xin Mu Zhang, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture

Xin Mu Zhang. Post-graduate student, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, 31,
Povitroflotskyi Avenue, Kyiv, Ukraine. E–mail: tovbych@gmail.com

References

方利强 . 浙派园林论 . 北京 : 中国电力出版社 , 2018. (Fang, L. On the Zhejiang Garden. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2018.)

方志戎 . 亭子设计和建造 . 南京 : 东南大学出版社, 2016. (Fang Z. Pavilion design and construction. Nanjing: Southeast University Publishing house, 2016.)

Голосова, Е.В. Шинуазри и англо-китайские парки в Европе. Вестник ТГУ, 2010, вып. 11 (91), с.238 – 242. (Golosova, E.V. Chinoiserie style and Anglo-Chinese parks in Europe.Vestnik TGU, 2010, issue 11 (91), p. 238 – 242.)

宫灵娟 . 苏州古典园林 . 南京 : 江苏科学技术出版社 , 2014. (Gong, L. Suzhou Classical Garden. Nanjing: Jiangsu Science and Technology Press, 2014.)

黄维 . 传统文化语境下风景园林建筑设计的传承与创新 . 长春 : 东北师范大学出版社 , 2019. (Huang, W. Inheritance and Innovation of Landscape Architecture Design in the Context of Traditional Culture. Chang Chun: Northeast Normal University Press, 2019.)

Ivashko Yu., Chernyshev D., Chang P. Functional and figurative and compositional features of traditional Chinese pavilions. Wiadomości Konserwatorskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation, 2020, No.61, p.60 – 66.

Ivashko, Yu., Kuśnierz-Krupa, D., Chang, P. History of origin and development, compositional and morphological features of park pavilions in Ancient China. Landscape architecture. Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture, 2020, vol. 15, No. 15, р.78 – 85.

Ivashko, Yu., Kuzmenko, T., Li, S., Chang P. The influence of the natural environment on the transformation of architectural style. Landscape architecture. Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture, 2020, vol. 15, No. 15, р.101 – 108.

Jencks, C. The New Paradigm in Architecture: The Language of Post-Modernism, 7th ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.

姜振鹏. 传统建筑园林营造技艺 . 北京 : 中国建筑工业出版社 , 2013. (Jiang, Z. Traditional building garden construction skills. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2013.)

Kozłowski, T. Architektura a sztuka. Kraków: Wydawnictwo PK, 2018.

李春青. 中国传统园林景路设计理法 . 发行地 : 中央民族出版社, 2010. (Li, C. Chinese traditional garden landscape road design method. Beijing: Central National Publishing House, 2010.)

刘敦桢 . 苏州古典园林 . 北京 : 中国建筑工业出版社 , 2005. (Liu, D. Classical gardens of Suzhou. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2005.)

Liu, X. Theories of Modern Architecture; Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2008.

楼庆西 . 亭子. 北京 : 清华大学出版社, 2016. (Lou, Q. Рavilion (Bite of architecture). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2016.)

Orlenko, M., Ivashko, Yu., Dyomin, М., Dmytrenko, A., Chang, P. Rational and aestetic principles of form-making in traditional Chinese architecture as the basis of restoration activities. International journal of conservation science, 2020, vol. 11, issue 2, p. 499 – 512.

潘家平. 中国传统园林与堆山叠石. 台北 : 田园城市文化事业有限公司, 1994. (Pan, J. Chinese traditional garden and pile of stacked stones. Taibei: Tianyuan City Cultural Enterprise Co., Ltd., 1994.)

裴元生 . 中国园林建筑设计传统理法与继承研究 . 昆明 : 云南人民出版社 , 2018. (Pei, Y. Research on Traditional Theory and Inheritance of Chinese Garden Architecture Design. Kunming: Yunnan People's Publishing House, 2018.)

Qin, L. Chinese pavilions. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 2019.

佟裕哲. 中国传统景园建筑设计理论. 西安 : 陕西科学技术出版社, 1994. (Tong, Y.Z. The theory of Chinese traditional landscape architecture. Хiаn: Shaanxi Science and Technology Press, 1994.)

王光龙，张杭岭. 杭州园林古建筑传统技术 . 杭州 : 浙江摄影出版社 , 2014. (Wang, G., Zhang, H. Traditional techniques of ancient garden architecture in Hangzhou. Jilin: Zhejiang Photography Publishing House, 2014.)

王毅. 园林与中国文化 . 上海 : 上海人民出版社, 1990. (Wang, Y. Chinese traditional garden and pile of stacked stones. Shanghai: Shanghai Nationalities Publishing House, 1990.)

Wolford, J.N. Architectural Contextualism in the Twentieth Century, with Particular Reference to the Architects E. Fay Jones and John Carl Warnecke. Ph.D. Thesis. Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.

邢月. 中国园林建筑设计传统理法与继承研究 . 长春 : 吉林大学出版社 , 2016. (Xing, Y. Research on Traditional Theory and Inheritance of Chinese Garden Architecture Design. Сhangchun: Jilin University Press, 2016.)

邢月 . 中国园林建筑设计传统理法与继承研究 . 长春 : 吉林大学出版社 , 2018. (Xing, Y. Research on Traditional Theory and Inheritance of Chinese Garden Architecture Design. Jilin, Jilin University Press, 2018.)

趙光華／編著；邱茂／訳. 中国古典園林 . 京都 : 美乃美 , 1982. (Zhao, G., Qiu M. Chinese classical garden. Kyoto: Minami, 1982.)

Zhou, S., Zhang. S. Contextualism and Sustainability: A Community Renewal in Old City of Beijing. Sustainability, 2015, No. 7, p. 747 – 766.

周维权 . 中国古典园林史 . 北京 : 清华大学出版社 , 2008. (Zhou, W. History of Chinese Classical Gardens. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2008.)

朱广宇. 手绘中国皇家建筑与经典园林 . 天津 : 天津大学出版社 , 2010. (Zhu, G. Hand-painted Chinese royal buildings and classic gardens. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2010.)

朱钧珍 . 中国亭子艺术 . 香港 : 和平图书有限公司 , 2003. (Zhu, J. Chinese Pavilion Art. Hong Kong: Peace Books Co., Ltd., 2003.)